Konsepsi Ilmu Budaya Dasar dalam Agama

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TUGAS KELOMPOK MATA KULIAH ILMU BUDAYA DASAR

Konsepsi Ilmu Budaya Dasar dalam Agama

Dosen Pengampu:

Ida Susilowati, M.A.

Oleh:

Andi Andreansyah

Ikhalid Rizqy al raihan

Ahmad Fahruddin

Fandi Ardiansyah

Ramadhana Allifa

Yoga Arif

Dedi Darmawan

Etsa buyung sriputra

Ilham Fikri

Luqni Maulana

PROGRAM STUDI HUBUNGAN INTERNATIONAL

FAKULTAS HUMANIORA

UNIVERSITAS DARUSSALAM GONTOR

KAMPUS SIMAN

2014

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

1. Latar Belakang

Pada zaman era globalisasi ini sudah banyak sekali terjadi perkembangan suatu kehidupann manusia dalam sehari-harinya, termasuk dalam hal kebudayaan manusai. Yang dalam keseharian seorang manusia tidak akan terlepas dari suatu budaya yang mereka lakukan untuk menyempurnakan suatu kebutuhan hidupnya dengan berbagai cara yang berbeda-beda.

Dalam sebuah agama juga terdapat berbagai tata cara kehidupan manusia yang perintahkan oleh norma agama masing-masing. setiap agama memiliki tata cara yang berbeda dengan agama lainnya. Kebanyakan agama memiliki suatu kitab suci yang dijadikan sebagai pandangan mereka dalam berkehidupan.

Budaya merupakan wujud abstrak dari segala macam ide dan gagasan manusia yang bermunculan didalam masyarakat yang memberi jiwa kepada masyarakat itu sendiri, baik dalam bentk maupun berupa sistem pengetahuan, nilai, pandangan hidup, kepercayaan, persepsi, dan etos kebudayaan.

Kepercayaan mengandung arti yang lebih luas daripada agama dan kepercayaan terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa. Setiap agama memiliki norma-norma dan peraturan yang mempunyai fungsi untuk mengatur tata kehidupan masing-masing penganut agamanya. Dan seiring perkembangan zaman agama-agama telah melahirkan budaya-budaya tersendiri. Seperti yang kita lihat pada penganut Agama hindu di Bali.

2. Rumusan Masalah

A. Apa itu Ilmu Budaya Dasar?

B. Apa itu Agama?

C. Bagaimanakah konsepsi Ilmu Budaya Dasar dalam Agama?

BAB II

PEMBAHASAN

1. Pengertian Ilmu Budaya Dasar

Ilmu Budaya Dasar adalah suatu pengetahuan yang menelaah berbagai masalah kemanusiaan dan budaya, dengan menggunakan pengertian-pengertian yang berasal dari dan telah dikembangkan oleh berbagai bidang pengetahuan keahlian yang tergolong dalam pengetahuan Budaya. Ilmu Budaya Dasar juga merupakan suatu pembelajaran yang membahas tentang kegiatan atau rutinitas manusia disuatu daerah tertentu atau dalam suatu agama tertentu secara berulang-ulang dan diwariskan kepada generasi- generasi setelahnya.

2. Pengertian Agama

Secara etimologi kata “Agama” bukan berasal dari bahasa arab melainkan berasal dari bahasa Sansekerta yang menunjuk pada sistem kepercayaan dalam hinduisme dan budhisme di India. Agama terdiri diri dari kata “A” yang berarti “tidak” dan “gama”berarti “kacau”. Dengan demikian, agam adalah sejenis peraturan yang menghindarkan para penganutnya dari sebuah kekacauan, serta mengantarkan manusia menuju keteraturan dan ketertiban.

Agama bisa dianggap sebagai pedoman bagi seluruh umat manusia. Sebagai manusia yang berakal dan pikiran hendaknya kita mempercayai adanya tuhan dan menganut agama yang diajarkannya. Agama bisa diartikan sebagai suatu peraturan yang bertujuan untuk mencapai kehidupan manusia kearah yang dan tujuan tertentu. Agama dilihat sebagai kepercayaan dan pola perilaku yang dimiliki manusia untuk menangani masalah . Agama adalah pegangangan atau pedoman untuk mencapai hidup kekal. Agama adalah konsep hubungan dengan tuhan.

Dalam kamus besar bahasa indonesia agama adalah sebuah ajaran, sistem yang mengatur tata keimanan manusia dan peribadatan kepada tuhan yang maha kuasa serta tata kaidah yang berhubungan dengan pergaulan manusia serta lingkungannya.

Pengertian agama menurut Sutan Takdir Alisyahbana, agama adalah suatu sistem kelakuan dan perhubungan manusia yang pokok perhubungan manusia dengan rahasia kekuasaan dan keghaiban yang tiada terhingga luasnya, dengan demikian memberi arti kepada hidupnya dan kepada alam semesta dan sekelilingnya. Dan menurut Tadjab, agama adalah merupakan suatu kepercayaan yang mendatangka kehidupan yang teratur dan tidak kacau serta mendatangkan kesejahteraan dan keselamatan hidup manusia.

3. Konsepsi Ilmu Budaya Dasar dalam Agama

a. Ilmu Budaya Dasar Dalam konsep Agama

Agama artinya Addien, sumbernya adalah wahyu dari Tuhan. Sedangkan Kebudayaan adalah sumbernya dari manusia. Jadi sebuah Agama tidak dapat dimasukan kedalam lingkungan kebudayaan selama berpendapat bahwa Tuhan tak dapat dimasukan kedalam hasil cipta Manusia.

Dilihat dari sudut pandang kebudayaan, agama dapat berarti sebagai hasil dari sesuatu kebudayaan, dengan kata lain agama diciptakan oleh manusia dengan akal budinya serta dengan adanya perkembanganbudaya tersebut

Kehidupan beragama pada dasarnya merupakan kepercayaan terhadap keyakinan adanya kekuatan ghoib, luar biasa atau supernatural yang berpengaruh terhadap kehidupan individu dan masyarakat. Kepercayaan itu menimbulkan perilaku tertentu, seperti berdoa, memuja dan lainnya, serta menimbulkan sikap mental tertentu, seperti rasa takut, pasrah, rasa optimis dan lainnya dari individu dan masyarakat yang mempercayainya karenanya keinginan, kepercayaan, petunjuk, dan ketentuan kekuatan ghaib harus dipatuhi kalau manusia dan masyarakat ingin kehidupan ini berjalan baik dan selamat.

Kehidupan beragama adalah kenyataan hidup manusia yang telah ditemukan sepanjang sejarah masyarakat dan kehidupan pribadinya. Ketergantungan masyarakat dan individu kepada kekuatan ghoib ditemukan dari zaman purba sampai zaman modern ini. Kepercayaan itu diyakini kebenaranya sehingga ia menjadi kepercayaan keagamaaan atau kepercayaan religius. Mengadakan upacara-upacara pada momen-momen tertentu, seperti perkawinan, kelahiran, dan kematian, juga berlangsung dari dahulu kala sampai zaman modern ini. Mempercayai suatu tempat, benda, waktu atau orang sebagai yang keramat, suci, bertuah, istimewa, juga ditemukan sampai sekarang.

Proses keyakinan beragama mempunyai konsep yang berubah-ubah sesuai dengan pola pikir dan perkembangan zaman. Kalau dahulu orang bisa meyakini Tuhan mereka adalah bintang, bulan matahari dan sebagainya, maka kemdian muncullah Nabi-Nabi yang membawa wahyu sebagai bagian dari risalah Tuhan. Risalah tersebut berupa seruan-seruan untuk beribadah serta mengimani Tuhan Yang Esa. Dengan begitu manusia tidak perlu takut lagi menghadapi kehidupan setelah kematian. Manusia juga harus membawa persiapan yakni Iman, Amal, dan Ibadah sebagai bekal pertanggung jawaban di Akhirat nantinya.

Sejak pertama kali masuknya Agama Islam di indonesia sudah banyak budaya Indonesia yang bersumber dari Agama islam yang berkembang di negara ini. Seperti pada saat perayaan hari raya Idul masyarakat indonesia kerabnya berbondong-bondong berkunjung kerumah tetangga, teman, Keluarga, dan sanak saudara guna menjalin silaturahmi sesama Umat Islam serta saling maaf-maafan. Itulah salah satu contoh bahwa Agama Islam melahirkan sebuah Budaya di Indonesia.

b. Agama Islam Sebagai Sumber Kebudayaan

Seorang Ahli sejarah dan keburayaan dunia barat bernama Prof.HA.Gibb menulis dalam bukunya “Wither Islam”. “Islam indeed much more than a system of theology, it is a complete civilization” (Islam adalah lebih daripada suatu cara-cara peribadatan saja, tetapi merupakan suatu kebudayaan dan peradaban yang lengkap). Kelebihan islam dari agama-agama lain bahwa Islam memberikan dasar yang lengkap bagi kebudayaan dan perdaban.

Sebagaimana yang difirmankan oleh Allah SWT:

ماأنزلنا عليك القران لتشفى (22.2) ” Tidaklah kami turunkan kepadamu Al-Qur’an ini agar kamu merasa susah” (As-surah:Thaha.2). Artinya bahwa setiap umat manusia yang hendak untuk mengikuti segala sesuatu yang ada dalam Al-Qur’an sebagai pedoman atau Norma-norma Agama Islam secara langsung akan merasa tenang, sejahtera serta bahagia di Dunia dan Akhirat. Dan juga sebaliknya apabila bahwa barang siapa yang membangkang dan mengingkari agama ini, niscaya dia akan mengalami kesulitan dalam kehidupan ini.

Untuk memberi gambaran bahwa Islam itu agama yang lengkap sebagai dasar sumber kebudayaan dapatlah dibuktikan bahwa sisi Al-Qur’an itu meliputi segala persoalan hidup dan kehidupan diantaranya:

1) Dasar-dasar kepercayaan dan ideology

2) Hikmah dan Filsafat

3) Budi pekerti, kesenian, dan kesusastraan

4) Sejarah umat dan biografi Nabi-nabi

5) Undang-undang masyarakat

6) Kenegaraan dan pemerintahan

7) Kemiliteran dan Undang-undang perang

8) Hukum perdata (Muamalat)

9) Hukum Pidana (Jinayat)

10) Undang-undang alam dan tabiat

c. Pengaruh Agama terhadap Kebudayaan

Akulturasi dalam lapangan agama dapat mempengaruhi isi iman dan budi yang tinggi. Akulturasi dalam lapangan agama tersebut dinama: Syncrotisme (Perpaduan antara dua kepercayaan), misalnya agama jawa terdiri dari Islam bercampur dengan Buddha.

Menurut Prof.Koe Soemadi,SH: Pengaruh budaya Hindu terhadap kebudayaan Indonesia itu bersifat ”Penetrotion Pasifiqu ef Sugestive” Artinya bersifat damai serta mendorong. Sebab datangnya kebudayaan Hindu bersifat menggiatkan dan meninggikan kebudayaan Indonesia kuno dengan tiada melepaskan kepribadian, dan setelah kebudayaan Hindu hilang kebudayaan Indonesia tetap kaya dan tetap tinggal dalam kepribadiannya.

Menurut Yosselin de yong; pengaruh islam terhadap kebudayaan Indonesia bersifat penetration pasifique dan tolerante et constructive (damai dan membangun). jadi tidak hanya damai dan memdorong saja, tetapi juga membangun. seperti pengaruh agama agama islam dalam perkawinan, warisan,hak hak wanita dan lain lain.

Dari dua pendapat di atas kami sependapat dengan analisis Yong tersebut ,sebab ternyata pengaruh islam tidak hanya pada kepercayaan dan adat istiadat sehari hari, bahkan sampai bidang hukum dan upacara-upacaranya misalnya; hari besar islam,upacara kematian,selamatan selamatan, mengubur mayat, doa, wakaf, warisan, letak masjid dan sebagainya. Kami pula sependapat dengan istilah adaptasi, sehingga islam adalah satu satunya agama yang lengkap dan sebagai sumber kebudayaan.

BAB III

PENUTUP

1. Kesimpulan

Agama diturunkan dari Tuhan mengandung perintah dan larangan dan tata cara hidup bagi seluruh manusia. Agama mengandung perintah, larangan dan tata cara hidup menuju kebaikan. Agama meliputi kepercayaan kepada hal-hal ghaib, peribadatan, hukum-hukum dan etika pergaulan sesama manusia. Agama mengandung pula nilai-nilai positif bagi umat yang semua ini bertujuan mempersiapkan manusia menuju kehidupan di akhirat.

Agama merupakan wahyu yang diturunkan dari Tuhan sedangkan kebudayaan merupakan hasil karya pemikiran manusia. Dapat dikatakan bahwa agama bukanlah hasil dari kebudayaan. Faktanya, banyak hasil kebudayaan manusia yang dipengaruhi unsur-unsur keagamaan. Agama banyak memberikan dasar-dasar peradaban. Kehadiran agama dalam peradaban manusia dapat menimbulkan akulturasi budaya atau percampuran antara satu kebudayaan dengan kebudayaan lain. Inilah yang sering ditemukan di banyak daerah di Indonesia. Prosesnya pun berkaesan damai dan mendorong bahkan membangun kebudayaan asli sehingga terbentuklah akulturasi budaya.