Dutch influence in Indonesia

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Today often appear stereotypical negative tone on Western culture. In Indonesia, the spread of Western culture as a colonial power. West referred to in this paper are the European countries, especially the Dutch, who colonized the islands of the archipelago. Nevertheless, there are certain Western influence indelible in the structure of the Indonesian culture until now. For example the education system. Education is one component of nonmaterial culture has a significant role in preserving a culture. Besides education, the administrative mechanisms Dutch government also has its own influence on the formation of social systems (political) Indonesia.
Western nations, especially the effect is quite an impression is Portuguese and Dutch. Especially the Netherlands, the two peoples culture is partly absorbed into the structure of the Indonesian culture. However, remnants of this influence is less strong Indonesian influence the minds of people's consciousness, possibly due to differences in the human blueprint (west versus east). Western culture, as the name implies, is a product development in the western world numbers that emphasizes individuality and freedom. While Indonesia is the eastern part of the nation that wants harmony, command, and collectivity.
Koentjaraningrat noted, the influence of western culture on Indonesia begins trading activity Portuguese first half-century 16.Tahun Portuguese conquered Malacca in 1511, a trading port in the western islands of Indonesia. Conquest made the Portuguese were able to control important aspects of people's lives there. When the conquest occurred, Islam is growing as a religion and a new culture of the archipelago. Did not take long, Islam gradually become the dominant religion in the Indonesian archipelago. The conflict that ensued then often generalized into a conflict the West versus Islam. Conflict even still ongoing until this writing.
In 1641 the Dutch captured Malacca from the Portuguese. Earlier, in 1619 they had built a stronghold in Batavia when the master Banten, a trading port of the archipelago Another important. 1755, VOC Gianti entered into an agreement with the Islamic Mataram kingdom which is one of their rivals in the control of trade lanes. In Gianti agreement, Mataram broken into Yogyakarta, Surakarta, and Mangkunagara. In 1799, the VOC (Dutch private company) went bankrupt. Starting in the Dutch people on behalf of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in managing Indonesia.
In 1824 the Dutch swapped Singapore to Bengkulu. Singapore initially controlled by the Dutch and British Bengkulu. Bengkulu isolated location in the south-west of the island of Sumatra. 1837 Dutch master after the West Sumatra Padri War. In 1883, the Land of Batak into the Dutch rule, only after the toil conquered the Batak Toba. 1894, came into power Lombok Netherlands followed Bali in 1906, through the Badung War (Puputan Badung). Aceh's latest entry into the Dutch rule in 1903 (or 1905), after the war more than 30 years since 1873. From this exposure looks of Dutch rule over Indonesia lasted gradual. Controlled areas of the first than the other. Nevertheless, there remains a relatively untouched area of Dutch colonial rule.
Bernard H.M. Vlekke Dutch influence in the archipelago divides into three parts. First, in Sumatra and Kalimantan, the influence of the Europeans had almost no impact on the lives of the natives. Second, a strong influence in the eastern part but oppressive. Third, in Java, where the Netherlands is able to grip up to the hinterland and lead to changes in social structure and economy of Indonesia.
In Java, Maluku and North Sulawesi growing social stratification. The first layer of the workers who left the peasant culture to become domestic servants Europe, carpenters, or industrial workers. The second layer of the employee (gentry) who worked behind the desk and should be studied Dutch first. The third layer, the new middle class natives who perform commercial activities in areas that have not worked entrepreneurs China (and other Asian) such as cigarettes, batik, weaving, or crafts. Patterns of social stratification such as this are not in Indonesia before the Dutch influence.
a. Field of education.
One Dutch civilization influence on the structure of Indonesian culture is education. Dutch education system to compete with the local educational system of Indonesia were generally in the form pecantrikan and mandala. Also, Dutch schools began to compete with schools, educational institutions is heavily influenced Islam.
Schools, as the basis of formal education process of Indonesia today, is a concrete manifestation membekasnya Dutch influence. Learners are divided into local-local in study groups, in each class of students sitting in a row facing forward, and the teacher standing in front of the class as the main sources of learning. This is similar to the class structure in the church since the time of scholastic Europe. However, the Dutch school system initially be segregated. There are special schools Netherlands and Europe as Europesche Lagere School (ELS), to the Chinese such as Hollands Chinese School, or Indlansche School for natives.
A common feature of the Dutch education system is the division of education is based on the year. For example a basic education taken for five or six years and the subsequent three years. In addition, there is a prerequisite before a learner age put into a certain level of education. Western education system in Indonesia is more serious work on the Netherlands since the 18th century and more decisively when the ethical policy enacted in 1911 through its liberal character, Van Deventer. Before the Ethical Policy, the purpose of the establishment of the Dutch education system for the people of Indonesia just to provide cheap skilled labor to work on the colonial administration. This is to anticipate the spread of the territory of the Netherlands. The vast area of governance necessarily accompanied by a similar complexity in system administration.
b. Residential home.
Another Dutch cultural heritage is housing. As is known, the Dutch people mostly live in the centers of economic activity in which the land and the building material is quite expensive. In addition to the common man, the Dutch building construction is also widely used by families gentry Indonesia. For example kings of Indonesia such as in Banten and Yogyakarta build a house similar to the construction of their dwelling houses Netherlands. Dutch building castle often called Holland, who also serves as the last pertahahan basis when there is war. Generally, the Dutch in Indonesia office building built ancient Greco-Roman style. Character is a big building, big and tall pillars in front, decoration doria and ionia of Greece.
c. Indis culture.
Regarding the influence of Dutch culture, Djoko explained Sukiman publication Indies culture. Indis is a mixed culture between the Native Dutch culture. Indis mainly developed in Java between the 18th century until the 19th Culture Indis can be identified in tracking the influence of Dutch culture on the seven elements of universal culture (which was originally owned by the natives), namely language, equipment and supplies human life, livelihood living and economic systems, the social system, the arts, science and religion. However, the more experienced Indis cultural practices of indigenous people in Java, especially the upper middle class.
d. Religion.
Dutch rival Portuguese domination of trade lanes archipelago. Portuguese domination successfully broken Dutch with their hands seized Malacca from the Portuguese in 1611. The dominance of Maluku are also turning into Dutch hands in 1621, when Jan Pieterszoon Coen established trading posts kumpeni (VOC) in the Banda Islands.
Rising Dutch dominance makes the Portuguese Catholic missionary movement faltered later replaced the Dutch Protestant missionaries. The strength of the Portuguese Catholic influence is only left in Flores and Timor. Dutch influence in the field of religion, especially in North Sumatra (especially in Batak), North Sulawesi (especially in Manado and Minahasa), Maluku (particularly Ambon), Papua (including West Papua), and Central Sulawesi-South (especially Tana Toraja ).
Portuguese influence in Indonesia
Portuguese influence in Indonesia ranged from the influence of religion, the arts (especially music), or language. Besides buildings, the Portuguese who had come to build a colony or just transit trade in Indonesia, also established settlements. This example monument in North Jakarta where the Portuguese and their derivatives form colonies. Although now depleted in number, of the region known some such cultural monument Kroncong music as an art form of Portuguese music.
Kampung Tugu. Tugu village communities located in the area Semper, Koja, North Jakarta, and can still be found today. Residents originally came from various colonies of Portuguese in Malacca, the Malabar Coast, Calcutta, Surate, Coromandel, Goa, and Sri Lanka. In the 17th century they brought the Dutch to Batavia as a prisoner of war. In Batavia they were placed in the Portuguese Church (now the Church of Zion in Jl. Pangeran Jayakarta). Then most of them moved to Kampung Tugu.
Art. Victor Ganap states keroncong music comes from the Portuguese music of the 16th century called fado, is derived from the Latin term which means fate. This music was popular in urban environments Portuguese (now Portugal). Fado itself originally was singing (Mornas) brought the negro slaves from Cape Verde, West Africa to the Portuguese since the 15th century.
Gradually, fado developed into urban song and dance accompanist. Dance to the accompaniment of fado influenced by Islamic culture brought by the Moors of North African origin while conquering the Strait of Gibraltar under the leadership of commander Tariq ibn Ziyad in the 7th century AD. After influenced Islam, dance is called Moresco. Moresco is a Portuguese dance entertainment elite dancers that usually brought the Moors.
Portuguese Moresco in that period is the word used to describe art that are considered Islamic breath. His opponent is cafrinho, origin of said kafr (infidels) used to describe art that brought the creolis Portuguese in Goa, India. Moresco musical accompaniment is a small guitar called the cavaquinho brought Portuguese sailors in the exploration of their world. When entering Indonesia, the instrument used to sing a dance moresco. Because the sound emitted sounds crong-crong so by the Indonesian dance music is then called Kroncong. Kroncong music live, play, and have fans in Indonesia until today. Even national television Indonesia (TVRI) aired a special event this keroncong music at least once during the week. This does not include private radio stations nationwide that carry it.
Paramita Rahayu Abdurachman - through one of its research - recorded at least traces of Portuguese cultural heritage that is still an impression in the archipelago can be traced in Jakarta, North Maluku, Central Maluku, Ambon, Solor and Flores. In Jakarta, the Portuguese cultural heritage besides Kroncong is Tanjidor and Ondel-ondel.
In Portuguese known tanger word which means to play musical instruments and tangedor (pronunciation: tanjedor), which means a person who plays a musical instrument snaar (rope) outdoors. In Portugal, tangedores until now shown to accompany religious parade every 24th of June. The equipment used was tanbur Turkey, tanbur being, flute, and a variety of trumpet. Uniquely, the parade followed by a large dolls are always in pairs (male and female), sung two people where one sits on the shoulders and one at the bottom similar to ondel-ondel Betawi past. Ondel-ondel moves danced to music tanjidor. Abdurachman noted both tanjidor and ondel-ondel now Indonesianized, because pengiringannya been added gamelan, gong, and kecrek.
Language. Several Indonesian vocabulary taken from the Portuguese language. This vocabulary for example, violin (viola), table (mesa), butter (manteiga), cruise (passear), frame (figura), ribbon (fita), shoes (Sapato), soldiers (Soldado), cigars (charuto), stupid (Tolo), windows (janela), executioner (algoz), bench (banco), pillows (avental), flag (bandeira), sponge (balo), dolls (boneca), fleet, ball, pen, wheel, ronda, the rest , tents, ink, and much more.
Religion. Denys Lombard wrote, the oldest Indonesian Christians are Catholics. Community start they woke up in a location where the Portuguese founded their first church. Unlike the Philippines or Vietnam, the number of Indonesian Christians proportionally always a minority. In 1510, the Portuguese control of Goa (India). There they established trading bases, military installations, and the center's mission. In 1511, they managed to reach the Malacca and November 1511, the Portuguese departed from Malacca to the Moluccas, precisely the Banda Islands. They arrived in 1512. When the Portuguese arrived, residents of Banda had embraced Islam.
From Banda, Portuguese towards Ternate. On the way, they stopped in Ambon, which most of the population has also been Muslims. In fact, in North Maluku have powerful sultans of Islam in Ternate, Tidore, Bacan, and Jailolo. Sultan of Ternate and Tidore not like cokolan Portuguese in Malacca due to cut the main line merchant trading Islam. However, in 1512 the Portuguese managed to enter through the fabric of a trade alliance with Abu Lais, sultan of Ternate. Portuguese offered to buy cloves from Ternate at a high price. From this offer, Sultan hopes to compete prosperity and Jailolo Tidore, two competitors. Jailolo tidore and then reply with Spanish ally present in Tidore in 1521.
Dated June 24th 1522 in Ternate done groundbreaking Portuguese fort (called Sao Paulo), complete with a Catholic religious ceremony. In the reign of Sultan Tabarija (1523 - 1535) occurred the first baptism on sangaji (chieftain) region of Moro, Halmahera in 1534. The mission beyond Halmahera passed in 1546 after the arrival of Francis Xavier. Portuguese influenced Christian community spread in the Maluku Islands and certain areas in the Lesser Sunda Islands (especially East Nusa Tenggara). Shortly after developing the Catholic religion, Protestantism entered Indonesia through the intermediary of the Netherlands.
Japanese influence in Indonesia
Japanese occupation, such as the UK, into the category of short colonial phase. Although brief, the Japanese have a cultural legacy that continues to be used (or beneficial) for Indonesia in the future then.
Community structure. Indonesia initially only know the village (or hamlet) as the smallest government structure. However, as the development of Japanese colonial rule, the smallest structures are further divided into units smaller. The unit is called the Pillars of Citizens (RW) and the Neighborhood (RT). This system has been applied in Japan with the name Tonarigumi. The reason the formation of RT and RW by Japan for the sake of ease of administration and control. So, not like the native Indonesian village that grows naturally, tonarigumi used as a control and mobilization of Japan on the Indonesian population. Ironically, this attempt actually preserved the Indonesian government. Until now RT and RW retained as the smallest administrative unit also shows the usefulness for the benefit of coordination modern Indonesian state administration.
Language. Japanese occupation, in addition to the negative effect, also have a positive impact in the culture of the language. Soon after Japan expelled the Dutch, everything smelled of Holland and West are prohibited in all the shops, restaurants, companies, associations, and boards common name. Alternate language that allowed only Indonesian and Japanese. Now begins Indonesian experiencing rapid development. Social revolution in which the Dutch culture overthrown by the culture of Japan and Indonesia. At the urging of Indonesian figures, in 1943 Japan to allow the establishment of Indonesian Improvement Commission which eventually succeeded in 7000 codifying the modern Indonesian term (at that time).
Art. For reasons of its anti-Western political, Japan established Keimin Shidosho Bunka (Cultural Center) on 1 April 1943 in Jakarta. The function of these institutions accommodate the Indonesian culture to not deviate from the purpose of Japan. Dated August 29, 1942, the agency held an exhibition of the works of local painters Indonesia as Basuki Abdoellah, Agus Djajasoeminta, Otto Djaja Soetara, Kartono Joedokoesoemo, and Emiria Soenassa. Additionally, it also facilitates R. Koesbini and Cornel Simanjuntak form a group of sound art that gave birth to the Indonesian national songs. Thus was born the national songs If Rice Yellowing Again, COME Putra-Putri Indonesia, Fatherland. Keimin Bunka Shidosho also allows Nur Sutan Iskandar gave birth to his love of country holy, Halim Karim gave birth to second crops, or Usmar Ismail with Fudji Wind. Dramatic art work of Indonesian culture also born such as Fire and Tjitra (theme devotion homeland) works Usmar Ismail, Typhoon over Asia or Intellect Related by Abu Hanifah.
August 1943 Japan formed the Union of Indonesian Film Actress (Persafi). Persafi encourage professional artists and amateur Indonesia experiment with staging plays foreign language translation into Indonesian. Plays, as one form of acting, also flourished under Japanese occupation since before the Pacific War, theatricals almost unknown in Indonesia.
Military. Directly or indirectly, Japan helps Indonesia (mainly young men) form the spirit of nationalism. Japan did this in three ways, namely: (1) The mobilization of youth; (2) The establishment of a semi-military organization; and (3) The establishment of a military organization. Of course, these three forms intended for the sake of Japanese war. However, side effects are actually beneficial (bless in disguise) for Indonesia.
First, Japan targeting young people from urban and rural Indonesia without discrimination education (educated or not, all recruited). Youth targeted Japan because of the age of productive, enterprising, energetic and idealistic. Japan to educate young people as a younger brother. They instill values seishin (spirit) and bushido (warrior spirit), with an emphasis on loyalty and devotion to his master (Japan). The youth are also taught discipline and efforts to break the psychological sense of inferiority and the spirit of slaves. Japanese organization formed for this purpose Barisan Asian Youth at the central level (Jakarta) dated June 11, 1942 led by dr. Slamet Sudibyo and S.A. Saleh. A similar bodies set up in areas with names Penginsyafan Youth Committee. In addition, Japan also established the United Sports Java (Tai Iku Kai) in 1942, activation of morning exercise activities in schools, training marching on students, as well as martial arts training (sumo, kendo). Sports organizations also formed with the name of the People's Movement of Exercise Sports Organization (Glora). Sudirman (victory, immortalized so the name of the trophy) is a figure resulting from the Japanese period.
Second, Japan formed a semi-military organization like Seinendan and Keibodan. By the end of Japanese rule, members Seinendan reached about 500,000 youths. Seinendan members must be aged 14-22 years, the charge of education is self defense and attack. In East Asia war, Seinendan used Japan as a reserve ranks with the main task of securing the back line.
Keibodan is a police auxiliary. The main task of guarding the traffic and security of the village. Keibodan members must be aged 26-35 years old. Number of Indonesian youth who become members Keibodan more than 1,000,000. In Sumatra, Keibodan called bogodan while in Kalimantan Borneo called Konan hokokudan. Both Seinendan and Keibodan formed Japan to remote parts of Indonesia. In the history of Indonesia, there has never been a mass organization such as Japan once did, even the Netherlands was never able to compete.
Women do not miss the Japanese organized through the formation Fujinkai (set of women). Women out of the domestic sphere to the public. To join Fujinkai, women must be at least 15 years. Fujinkai given basic military training (with the main function like Seinendan). Fujinkai holding courses and lectures about the importance of saving money, improving personal health and food, as well as kepalangmerahan.
Japan formed suishintai (vanguard) when they begin to suffer many defeats in the battle fronts. Indonesian nationalist movement led Suishintai like Sukarno, Oto Iskandar Dinata, and Buntaran Martoatmojo. The main task suishintai deepen people's awareness of the obligations and build brotherhood of all people. Suishintai total membership of approximately 60,000 people and are concentrated in large cities. Suishintai also in charge of training the youth, listening to speeches nationalist figures, and disseminate the charge speech to others. There is also a special suishintai group numbering 100 persons of which Supeno, Dipa Nusantara Aidit, Djohar Nur, Asmara Hadi, Sidik Kertapati, and Inu Kertapati.
In the past Japan also formed Hezbollah, a semi-military organization of youth under Masjumi. Zainal Arifin Hezbollah leaders are leaders of Nahdlatul Ulama. Youth aged 17-25 years who received and not yet married. Hezbollah is intended as a backup map. In addition to those already mentioned, a semi-military organization of other Japanese are jibakutai and gakutotai.
Third, Japan formed a military organization. This organization for example heiho whose function helps the Japanese warrior and immediately placed in a military organization of the Army and Navy. Until the end of the Japanese occupation, the carrying amount of heiho of 42,000 people. For Japan, heiho better trained in the war than the map because it is directly in the line of battle, both hold anti-aircraft guns, tanks, field artillery, as well as driving. However, unlike the map, there is no heiho the officer.
Map originally held Special Section of the Army Intelligence Section of the 16th Japan. Members seinen Map trained in the dojo (training parlors youth). Officers graduate seinen dojo first batch of which Wirahadikusumah, Kemal Idris, RA Kosasih, and Daan. Seinen dojo when the second batch ends, exit form the army command map. Great General Suharto was nurtured Map officers, who in his lifetime successfully served as president of the longest Indonesia.